Calvetta Essay Example for Free

Calvetta Essay4. How, if at all, should Calvetas organization structure and practices be changed to accommodate harvest and effective communication, while maintaining the companys culture?This is a very sticky issue. Growth, along with other factors, seems to have diminishing effects on company culture, popularly referred to as Antonios way. Two forms of growth present themselves to the company. They can either expand into the hospital segment (which falls in line with core competencies) or they could buy up GSD consequently festering their SLF customer base. Given the issues listed, I dont believe purchasing GSD would be profitable, as debt financing would have to be undertaken thus, going against Antonios way. However, hotdog believes they must grow in order to stay competitive within the industry so the former opportunity should be undertaken.The turnover, and promotion rate for Calveta is in any case rapid. Its one of the major issues dissatisfied customers had with the S LF. Frank should consider slowing this down, and perhaps placing new staff members in proper training programs administered by stream staff to crack smooth staff changes. Whilst flexibility and ease of advancement may make the employees happier, the customers will suffer from the constant interrupted changes. Calveta should maintain a degree of normalcy in the workplace, and make it harder to advance (could have positive affects on employees motivation).Another structural issue is the current staff organization. If Frank is maladjusted about the loss of emphasis on his fathers ideals he must communicate this effectively with the staff. Discussion groups, incentive packages, and achievable goals should be found for all staff members, especially new ones, so that company culture is maintained and reinforced.If Calveta are to grow, they will need a larger amount of regional employees. This will most likely lead to the hiring of persons outside of the company. Calveta need not hire t hem right out of college though. They may obtain them from similar companies with similar determine and ideals. As GSD is about to be taken over, perhaps the better staff members may wish to come to Calvetainstead of staying on with a new owner.To ensure continuation of company culture pointed questions in the interview and recruitment process pertaining to it should be asked. Similarly, constant feedback for current employees would reinforce challenge 4, of Antonios way.

TH Empire Ltd Essay Example for Free

TH Empire Ltd EssayTo whom it may concernIt is with great joyfulness to provide you with a summary about our business and our operations. TH Empire Ltd. is a British trading company that was established in 1995 and was incorporated in 2008 under the rules and laws of the United Kingdom. TH Empire Ltd. is based in the United Kingdom and is operating across the inwardness East and other wider regions. The company has been booming in the market with a 10 year experience and is expanding its business in the regionThe core business of our company is the provision of market interrogation consultancy and presentation, including provision of marketing services with great emphasis on construction, oil field industry and marine works. It has operations in all the Gulf Regions and middle(a) East markets, with recent expansion in Europe and UK.TH Empire Ltd has an established connection with companies, related to construction of bridges, towers, roads and hotels. It is also involved in oil services such as drilling, maintenance and air pollution control, with great experience in digital mapping, geophysical surveying, and oil exploration with agencies end-to-end the Middle East. We are also developing relationships with various chambers of commerce and professional unions to liaise us with our corporate clients.We are actively taking interrupt in all major construction, oil field service and marine works events worldwide, sharing our ideas and innovations, refining our expertise to provide leading edge solutions to our clients. We unionize our tools and expertise to elaborate customized solutions to meet the needs and targets of our clients. We provide Representation services, Communication strategies and media relations, Promotional materials production, Event and exhibition management, Sales and branches offices opening, Agent network development, Liaison with Middle Eastern and international institutions.If your company is interested to start business with us kindly send us your companys activities and catalogues including the services you provide for the dialog process to begin.Note We are looking for huge companies (undertaking huge projects) with efficient business procedures and are interested in the aforementioned servicesBusiness leave alone be in Libya and Saudi ArabiaWaiting for your replyThank you

Islamic Attributes Of Destination On Tourists Motivation Tourism Essay

Islamic Attributes Of Destination On Tourists Motivation touristry moveINTRODUCTIONTourism tooshie be delimit for travelling purposes for recreational, vacation or trade purposes. There argon number of definitions for the derail phaetons, thats tourists can defined as people who tour to and stay in places outside their usual location for to a greater extent than twenty- four-spot (24) hours and non more than one alternate family for leisure, business and former(a) purposes non related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. This is press outd according to The World Tourism Organization.Tourism has amaze a popular global leisure activity. There were over 922 one million million million out-of-door traveler arrivals, with an escalation of 1.9% in the year 2008 as comp bed to 2007. International tourism emolument grew to US$944 cardinal (euro 642 billion) in 2008, parallel to an increase in real terms of 1.8% 1. International travel dema nd suffered a strong slowd possess extraction in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer month during to as a result of the late-2000s recession. out-of-pocket to outbreak of outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, tDuringdSDShis negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries. This gave a very big impact in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts 2.Tourism is vital for some(prenominal) countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain, Malaysia and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and operates and the prospect for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise sh ips and taxicabs, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.Tourism Industry is always exaggerated by religion especially Islam religion for its special rules and law. National and international levels in this outlandish atomic number 18 discussed with the presentment of Islam in official tourism marketing. On meeting the postulate, the government is shown to place a high superiority of visitors bit certain states take hold preference to the dictates of Islamic religion, and international strategies seek to endorse intra-Islamic travel. thereof, the outcomes argon offered into the management of Islam and tourism which whitethorn soak up a wider applicability beyond the special chance of this country.The population for Islam religion may consist of 30% of the world population in the world by 20253. In some of the Islamic countries, especial ly major Muslim countries, tourism is a major market, nevertheless less than 10% of global tourism re writhes goes to this market. Morocco, Egypt, Turkey and Malaysia are major four Muslim countries in world. In tourism, these countries attract 17.5 million guests in 20044. The world tourism organization nominated ten Muslim countries such as Algeria, Iran, Malaysia, Turkey, Oman, Syria, UAE, Bahrain, Lebanon and Egypt among 38 countries as the worlds top emerging tourism name and address 5. This is for the year 2006, December. This shows the impending of Islam country that could be one of the close essential places in tourism market among other Muslim countries but it isnt. In detail for example, Iran has a great prehistoric tradition but it is as yet little cutn in the West and there is much to be learnt both(prenominal) from it and the building techniques which are integral with it. Rituals, festivals, ceremonial up to nowts and sacred buildings are fundamental tourist att ractions for devout followers of the particular systems of beliefs as well as for those with a casual interest. Several authors recount how Islam religion in times gone by enjoined particular types of travel that have retained an important social and ghostlike function, albeit constantly adapting to the ever-changing world.The pilgrimages incorporate an obligation to migrate. Hence the pilgrimage is one of Islams five pillars flanking belief in God and the prophet Muhamad, prayers, fasting and the giving of gentle trust. 6 to boot lists ziyarat (visits to divergent shrines), these visits a form of voluntary pilgrimage which exemplifies the spatially idiosyncratic traditions of Islamic populations 7. Muslims should travel in ordering to fully appreciate the salmon pink of Gods world and also visit their friends and relatives. This is what mentioned in the According to the holy text of the Koran. They have a responsibility to provide warmth to visitors who, under Islamic law, en rapture the citizens rights.Today, over a million Muslims travels annually to Saudi Arabia for the hajj 8 fill a massive organizational endeavor by the authorities 9. Its scale is show in accounts of Islamic ghostly circulation 10 but 11 argues that the large numbers who participate in religiously inspired travel to centers besides Mecca should not be neglected. umteen Muslims also appear to share the common enthusiasm for leisure travel as outbound tourism rise with growing affluence. In tourism involvement, sexuality differences ob facilitated elsewhere 12 are very striking in some ultraorthodox and patriarchal Islamic farmings which impose severe restrictions on women. Male pre-eminence is a distinction of many Muslim countries where women are denied in public place. 13 Claims that in the Middle East womens inferior status is legitimized by mis description of the religious texts, this gives an impact on barriers to involvement in tourism as well as other spheres of actions . Simultaneity, a large number of women believe that a proper textual interpretation actually protects their rights 14, veiling also seen as an assertion of not a symbol of female oppression and cultural identity.Despite these gender-based inequalities of opportunity, Islam is not fundamentally contradictory to tourism, yet international tourism is adversely exaggerated by poor relations between occidental and Islamic nations. Islam has been associated with oppression, terrorism conservatism and anti-Western sentiment 15 temporary hookup the West is criticized as an imperialist aggressor pursuing economic, semipolitical and social domination 16 whose people are infidels of lax examples. Attitudes of hosts and tourists are likely to be saturnine by such conceptions, and cultures in which religion plays a completely different mapping may clash at name and addresss. The arrival of non-Muslim inbound tourists is maybe violated by tourists knowingly or accidentally and more disr upting for local Muslim communities than the situation reversed due to the religious codes which inform and however, the satisfaction of the special demand of Muslim travelers overseas may be a source of anxiety to themselves and those with whom they interact 17.There is evidence of a response by some in the Western tourism industry to overcome these issues with information provided more or less location of mosques and halal foods. This may encourage a Muslim tourist to travel more practically to mentioned countries. Several hotel bedrooms also have pointed towards Mecca for the purposes of prayer, but still there is some question mark whether these measures are enough. More ever with combined political ideology, possible social problems have led several Middle Eastern countries to shun style international style tourism, deemed to be incompatible with Islam 18. For example, Brunei is a schema and act as a reluctant tourist polish whose wealth has undermined any economic incenti ve to helped to protect citizens from its worst excesses and encourage international tourism 19. However, about what constitutes compatibility or accredited Islamic conduct, there is no consensus and this is reflected in the debate about the practice and meaning of Islam.The habits and sayings of the Prophet set down by his family and companions are agreed to be normative, according to the Koran and Hadith. Yet for most Muslims, new findings to the study of the Shariah, the Islamic law means that questions of interpretation, application and authenticity have become contentious issues 20. Some Islamic countries may therefore find tourists more acceptable than others, partly depending on the degree of liberalism as well as losses and personal gains. For example, Iran is generally considered comparatively moderate and positive popular reactions have been recorded there 21. However, survey respondents also raise concerns about moral decadence and 22, with a need for further research in to Muslim views of tourisms cultural impacts on their societies.Theoretical backgroundResearch indicates that tourist motivation and satisfaction are often determined, in part, by the desire for a learning experience. For examples, the eco tourists have a desire for environmental learning and that ecotourism operators who differentiate their product through the training of high-quality environmental education programs establish a potential sustainable competitive advantage. However, it is asserted that this potential long-term competitive advantage will only be realized if sufficient tourists can be attracted to the offered ecotourism experience. So this might be useful when it comes to encouraging the Muslim tourists to Muslim countries and fully satisfy their need, hence makes them often visit to the same country as destination committedness. Using the results happened, it is argued that the relatively small focus on Muslim tourists demand for Islam attributes learning in adv ertizement directed at potential clients is a substantial weakness in some countries strategic tourism.Tourism motivation in developing countries and Islamic culture has received scant attention from researchers. The key to understanding tourism motivation is to see holiday travel as a satisfier of needs and wants. The Literature on tourism often conceptualizes tourists motivation and satisfaction in terms of crusade and go outs agentive roles. The idea shadower this concept is that people travel because they are pushed by their own internal forces and wedgeed by external forces of the destination attributes. In this study, internal forces will be motivation, satisfaction and destination undeterminedion. Hence pull factor will be Islam attributes. One way to realize travel motivation is to examine the notion of push and pull demand inspiration. The objectives of this research were to understand both push and pull motivation for domestic tourism and the relationship between th e two motivations for Islam tourists. The finding indicated three push factors (motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty) and one pull factors (The Islam attributes). The pull factor might be seen as one, but all the attributes are covered as safety, religions, cultural value, utilitarian, and knowledge, social. This study found that the most important push and pull factors as perceived by Islam tourists are motivation value and religious. The study also confirms the relationship between push and pull factors.Perceptions and motivations are fundamental in tourist finishs and are crucial in the formation of the destination image. Despite the growing number of publications in this area, case studies are still scarce. This study investigates tourist perceptions and motivations in the destinations. A questionnaire was used to interview a random sample of tourists. Factor analysis and multivariate statistics were employed to find different exogenous variables at work for both pe rceptions and motivations, which varied according to the participants country of origin. Eight factors were found that help in understanding the perceived image and motivations tourists of different nationalities have about the destination. The Islam culture and loyalty also predominate as the leading motivation for tourists. The implications of these findings for explaining tourists behavior indicate future lines of research.The variables involved in tourists behaviours are motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty. While motivation is only one of many variables in explaining tourist behaviour, it is nonethelessa very critical one, as it constitutes the driving force behind all behaviour 23. Motivation sets the stage for forming peoples goals 24 in travelling and is reflected in both travel choice and behaviour as such it solves peoples expectations, which in turn determine the perception of experiences. Motivation is therefore a factor in satisfaction formation 25.Accordin g to some researches, basic motivation theory suggests a dynamic progression of internal psychological factors (needs, wants and goals), causing an uncomfortable level of tension within respective(prenominal)s minds and bodies, resulting in actions aimed at releasing that tension and satisfying these needs 23. Intention, implying such an action, requires the sensory faculty of needs, as well as objectives. To assure these conscious, steps required in order to create wants and move people to travel 26 .Objectives or goals are presented in the form of services, it is therefore the role of marketing to create awareness of needs and suggest appropriate objectives, promising the satisfaction of these travellers 27. Consequently this can make a tremendous change in a tourist perception on travelling to Muslim countries, which consists of Islam Attributes cognize to the world a most beautiful religion of all.In the Western World free time and holidays are connected to the concept of se lf-actualisation or self-realisation. This was suggested 28 several authors. The latter defined by 29 as a persons dynamic relationship between the real and the ideal self, constituting a surgery of decreasing the distance between these two cognitive systems, themselves theme to continuous change. It is the individuals aim to achieve a state of stability, or homeostasis 26, which is disrupted when the person becomes aware of the gap between real and ideal self, or as 26 calls it a need scarcity. The resulting need to self-actualise fabricates the actor, which under the constraints of the situation sets the stage for the process of motivation 25.But to what extent does tourism satisfy the intrinsic need for self-actualisation? 30 tot up 15 years of research into psychological needs, satisfied by leisure activities, and proposed leisure activities clusters such as novelty, sensual enjoyment, cognitive stimulation, self-expression, creativity, vicarious competition, relaxation, ag ency, belongingness and service. It is questioned however whether these dilettanteish needs are intrinsically motivated 26, suggesting that these motivations are merely culturally learned stereotypes or explanations for leisure behaviour to Muslim tourists as well. As 23 states, a widely accepted integrated theory for needs and goals behind motivation is lacking. This is what the researcher has studied in this case.Research into motivation can be idealistic into two categories, the behaviourist and the cognivist approach 25. The discussion has therefore traditionally revolved around both push or pulls factors influencing tourist behaviour 31. Push factors represent enduring dispositions, as they are internally generated drives. The individual, energised by such drives, will then search objects for the promise of drive reduction and develop a motive 25. For examples, with a good push factors, it may drive a tourist to the destination, therefore it makes them loyal to the destinati on. The behaviourist view thus emphasises the emotional parameter of decision-making, while the cognivist approach focuses on situational parameters in which motives are expressed, consequently encompassing a certain knowledge which the tourist holds about goal attributes as well as a rational weighing up of situational constraints 25. This cognitive process results in motivations, which are more object specific than motives, as these only imply a class of objects and may result in a range of different behaviours, depending on the situation.This one-dimensional approach has been criticised however 32, as push and pull factors influence the consumer consecutively 33, integrated by the concept of involvement, an unobservable state of motivation, arousal, or interest 26, which is evoked by stimulus or situations. This is the case, since pull factors such as marketing stimuli as well as the destinations and services attributes respond to and reinforce push factors. Consequently research increasingly seeks to assimilate emotions and cognition in the individuals decision-making process 34, 35, 36, 25, signifying a more holistic approach.As a result it became evident that peoples intrinsic needs are influenced by external factors. In post new-made conjunction 37 asserts that in post-modern society the superstructure of advertising, television, fashion, lifestyle magazines and designer values increasingly take the role of forming knowledge and beliefs. Peoples needs are neutral 38, as motives however, they require an object towards which the need is directed, and when linked to actual situations, cultural and social impacts are also applied 25. In this study, the motivation and satisfaction oblige tourists to certain destination. establish on learned behaviour and perception on situations raise motives to the level of values, as such they are evaluations 39. If a drive is reduced satisfactorily the individual is likely to remember the behaviour and employ the same b ehaviour again, thus acquiring habits 40. Therefore tourism experiences may become learned adroitness and obtain the role of habit enforcers. Cognivists argue that knowledge and beliefs in future rewards, anticipatory in nature 41, are equally a product of formerly encountered situations 42 and external formation.Motives purely represent learned behaviour, which are influenced by offered objects or tourism activities, and for the motivations, it represents knowledge and beliefs formed by society and culture or tourism peoples. Therefore the psychogenic need for self-actualisation, abstract in nature, is operational in a learned and practical manner and expressed in values, which are learned strategies to either adapt ones environment to ones needs or adapt ones self to a given environment 43. These values equally include effects of enculturation and socializing 23. Additionally the professed gap between real and ideal self, may signify both externally and internally controlled eva luations 25.Some authors therefore asks what researchers can expect to know about individuals drives, by asking them about their motivations and needs as these may not be available to individuals as part of their awareness. 44 Mentioned that people do not walk around with numerous leisure needs in their minds and do not rationalise specific causes of participation if their contribution is intrinsically motivated (cited in 26). Consequently it may be understood that needs are suggested by immediate social peers, and the wider context of particular social realities as well as the influence of the tourism 45. Yet as mentioned by 46 stress, intrinsic leisure motivation, which is a global disposition and describes an affinity to seek intrinsic rewards, is characterised by self-determination, an awareness of internal needs and a strong desire to make free choices on destination based on these needs by the tourists.The current society exercises a great deal of influence on the formation of the ideal self and thus perceived needs. Which is for all individuals, self-actualisation may be accepted as a need intrinsic for them. However the notion of authentic or true self, determined by way of experience, offers a solution to the predicament. Individualism symbolises four psychological qualities. One if it is an intelligence of individual identity, based on the knowledge of which one is and what ones goals and values are, as such it is related to the philosophical concept of true self. Which indicates what an individual reckons personally significant and what it is to be actualised? This is according to 47. The other is Maslows self-actualisation, which is the driving to be ones true self. The third is list is quality which is 48 internal locus of control, which reflects a compliance to accept personal conscientiousness for ones life. And the last and fourth is principled (post conventional), moral reasoning 49, which involves regularity with general conceptual principles (cited in 50).Subsequently, only ifa tourist becomes more autonomous and therefore aware of intrinsic needs and motives are they able to self-actualise. Order is becoming less essential in Western society and a desire for disorder in the tourism experience is becoming more important as 51 explained. Some authors voice out that opportunities for unplanned action and freedom from institutionalised regulations are distinctive of Western tourists. This explains that certain tourists exhibit a assured desire to liberate their identities. According to 52, in order for tourists to cease being just users of holidays, they must come to know themselves, their motives and other cultures. So it is understandable that self-actualisation is an intrinsic need, characteristic of any tourist, but must be understood in terms of true self as opposed to ideal self. Such is this independent of societal pressures and involves the transcendence of habitual behaviours and mind states. This offer require s further elaboration and must be viewed in the context of modernity, which hinders this process but at the same time brought about its awareness. Therefore, the Islamic attributes of destination in which catering to the religious needs of Muslim tourists may play an important role between the travel motivations (push and pull) and overall tourist satisfaction, which may impact on destination loyalty. Religious attributes of destinations should be recognized more in the context of the existing competitive tourism context 53.Background of the studyThere are different aspects can be looked in a tourism industry. But the major issue is the culture and religion of a certain country. As known in most of the research, tourism Industry is always affected by religion especially Islam religion for its special rules and regulation. Thus it reflects Islam as the biggest and widest religion in the world .This study is more on the Islamic religion and international tourism, using the example of Iran as a case study to show the opportunities and problems which recrudesce when this two item come into contact. Some survey observations are made about the conflicts, difficulties of the relationship, between tourist demands such as motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty and not to miss out the religious practices. For example, the authorities in Iran, where Islam is central to everyday life, have responded in a different method to solve this problem. early(a) than the main aspect of relation between Islam attributes with a tourists motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty, the presentation of Islam in official tourism marketing, national and international levels in this country are discussed as a minor part. The government is publicized to place a high superiority on meeting the desires of tourists while certain states give superiority to the dictates of Islamic religion, and international strategies seek to promote intra-Islamic travel. Thus, results are off ered into the management of Islam and tourism which may have a wider applicability beyond the special circumstances of this country.A number of authors conduct studies on how Islam religion historically enjoined particular types of journey that have retained an important social and religious function, although constantly adapting to the changing world. Five pillars in the pilgrimage is belief in God and the prophet Muhammad, prayers, fasting and the giving of charity, and at the same time pilgrimages also incorporates an compulsion to migration issue. 6 Additionally lists ziyarat (visits to different shrines), these visits a form of voluntary pilgrimage which exemplifies the spatially distinctive traditions of Islamic populations 7. Simultaneity, a large number of women believe that a proper textual interpretation actually protects their rights 7, veiling also seen as an assertion of not a symbol of female oppression and cultural identity.There are different aspects to be studied in Islam tourism industry such as food, accommodation and mostly Islam culture places. As in food aspect, halal tourism is new merchandise in the tourism industry which provides holiday destinations for Muslim families who abide by Sharia rules. When it comes to halal concept, the hotels in such Islam destinations do not serve alcohol and have split swimming pools and spa facilities for men and women. Countries like Malaysia, Turkey and many more Islam countries are trying to create a center of attention for Muslim tourists from all over the world offering facilities in agreement with the religious beliefs of Muslim tourists. Not only halal term studied in food aspect, but foods served in flight service also follow the guidelines of halal. This is verified when halal tourism industry also provides flights where no alcohol or porc products are served, prayer timings are announced, and religious programs are broadcast as part of entertainment offered on board. This is studied and even there is report mentions a market for a halal startup airline, which could supply halal food, prayer calls, Quran in seat pockets and provide take apart sections for male and female travelers according to the basic commandment of Islam religion.Hotel plays a vital role in tourism industry as it accommodates the tourists. In harmony with the teachings of Islamic Sharia, many international hotels do serve halal food. Halal food is slaughtered in and is free of any substances forbidden by Islam such as pork and alcohol. Some hotels have employed people of Arab or people who could understand the Islam to provide translation services and other help that may be needed by tourists from Muslim countries. For a example, Crescent Tours is a UK-based travel company, pioneering Halal Beach Sun Holidays on the Mediterranean and Islamic Heritage Tours in Turkey. different examples are, in all Malaysian hotels, the management even provides the direction of kiblat for praying purposes.Regional i nstability has had a detrimental effect on tourism growth in certain instances, one example being terrorist attacks by Muslim groups in Egypt 8. This is just mild example. Even though it is not a main issue, other commentators have clarified the consequences of this and the implication of Islam more generally in tourism research with a wider frame of reference 54.One of the solutions might be when state decisions could inhibit Western-style tourism, while national authorities extend a wholehearted welcome to tourists irrespective of their origin and religion. It is not a matter whether the tourists from western or Muslim countries. Those at work in the tourism industry within Islam countries and its principal markets need to be aware of the changing conditions and have an appreciation of religious sensitivities, helping to educate tourists about appropriate behavior. This is can be done with a research on scope for consultation with religious features, regarding the formulation of c odes of presentation and conduct of sites such as shrines and mosques as tourist attractions. The difficulties of establishing a consensus cannot be neglected however, the struggle to enforce Shariah law is another source of unease, although PAS has tell that only Muslims would be subject to its rules and regulations. Further studies are necessary to fully estimate the effects and outcomes of media reporting as well as attitudes amongst official decision residents and makers.Problem statementEven there is ample of issues on tourism and the activities related, yet religious issues have always influenced majorly the touristic activities. In Islamic countries where most of the communities are Muslims, some religious commandments have overwhelmed the quantity and quality of tourism. Considering the statement of communities plays a vital role, reciprocity between religion and the tourism industry this studies deal with the role of religion (Islam) in tourism industry in the Islamic coun tries. In this aspect, this study are keen in researching the interconnection relationship between Islam and tourism, manners of Muslims as hosts and guests, and finally the international collaboration in Islamic tourism industry.Facts show that Muslims constitute a global market of approximately two billion potential customers. Assuming that religion plays an important part in their decision making process with regard to travel destinations 55, Islamic religious attributes are bound to be very important considerations when a Muslim decides to travel abroad 56. The Muslim tourists may decide not to travel to a particular destination due to the absence of these attributes 56. In addition, the absence of Islamic attributes in the destination may be a source of worry to themselves and those with whom they interact 17. Besides the push and pull motivations that can be a means of influencing tourist behavior, it is important to understand the Islamic attributes that may lead to tourist s atisfaction and destination loyalty for Muslims. This study attempts to address this problem by empirically testing the relationship between Islamic attributes of destination, travel motivations, overall tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty.The moment of the studyIslamic destinations should put an effort in meeting the necessities of international Muslim tourists. By implementing this method, any risk upsetting Muslim tenets obviously is not so debatable when tourists are fellow Muslims from within or outside national precincts. Although Muslim identities are not the same 57, conflicts over dress, food, conduct and religious and social observances are less likely. While intra- Islamic travel has been narrowed to date, apart from pilgrimages to Saudi Arabia, there is still growing interest in this province. It is the subject of Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), an official organization of 56 Islamic nations dedicated to the well-being of Muslims worldwide these total almost 1.4 billion or 20% of the worlds inhabitants, forecasted to rise to over 30% by 2025 58 . Since the Muslim population is a significant market, the exploitation of which is a partial solution to the predicament of accommodation to tourists from a more alien figures and culture reveals that how important domestic activity can be in contributing highest profit in tourism industry.Non- Muslim visitors are acceptable and there is recognition of the value of working with the international tourism agencies such as World Tourism Organization and others, but much of the emphasis is on tourism as a vehicle for reinforcing the solidarity of the Islamic societies. Within the Islamic world, the greater travel by Muslims could lead to better understanding, stimulate serve and collaboration the common good. At a most international recent meeting, a delegate advised creating more Islamic tour packages dedicated to a Muslim heritage which has been largely ignored 59. The Islamic Development Bank, mention that the purpose to it, is to inspire social progress and economical growth amongst its 53 Muslim member countries. Yet it can be adopted in other Muslims elsewhere in accordance with the Shariah, also emphasized support for tourism. Meanwhile the expertness of both the OIC and Islamic Development Bank have been questioned 60, their acknowledge

Nurses On A Palliative Care Unit Nursing Essay

Nurses On A Palliative Cargon Unit Nursing endeavorAccording to Olade (2004), nursing practice using observed phenomena and evidences is an example of education which refers to formalized experiences designed to enlarge the familiarity or skills of nursing educators or practiti acers. with experiences and evidences, the ability to learn actual clinical practice and the orientation in health plow protocols and policies in handling patients needs provide be achieved. This rule is also termed as Evidence- ground practice. Evidence-based practice involves a combination of some(prenominal) disciplines, including aspects of multidisciplinary sciences to promote the restoration and maintenance of health in our lymph glands (Davies, 2005). Much literature has been published on this topic in recent years, an evolving subject and concept for specific practices that promote more effective, safer and more efficient ways of feel for (Drenkard Cohen, 2004).Maintaining and improving hig h pleasure among nurses is an important ara to discover (Ebell, 2008). To achieve this, we need a workforce to continually strive for excellence, specifically in caring for guests experiencing loss and bereavement be responsible and flexible enough, have the confidence to face the challenges, and inspire bothone with a shared vision. These are strengths needed by nursing staff to motivate others health care provider to fulfill their potential and achieve goals (Littlefield, 2005). Researches, studies and articles were utilized and analyzed in accumulation the necessary information needed. Clinical education, skills and practices are the key concepts utilise in this paper.Possession of knowledge and competency in performing skills and interventions for clients experiencing grief and bereavement which potentiometer be acquired in hands on training are essential in practicing the profession especially in the palliative care unit of NHS hospital is important. As a nursing professi onal, tangible skills and knowledge in a hospital setting is very important in managing clients and supervising clients (Burns Foley, 2005). Evidences were identified through thorough assessment and research. The challenges discussed below were identified through gathering of recent information in the palliative care unit and data that focuses on this subject.Decisional Teachings and InterventionsAs a nurse, you need to ensure that the client is treated with dignity, that is, with find and respect. Dying clients often feel they have lost control over their lives and over invigoration itself-importance. Helping patient die with dignity involves maintaining their humanity, consistent with their values, beliefs, and culture. By introducing available options to the client and signifi evictt others, you can restore and support feelings of control. Some choices that clientss family can feign are location of care (home, hospital or hospice), fourth dimension of appointments with healt h professionals, activity schedule, use of health resources, and times of visit (Matzo and Sherman, 2004). The family of dying patient wants to be able to manage the events preceding death so she can die peacefully. You can help client to project her own physical, psychological, and social priorities. Dying people often strive for self fulfillment more than for self preservation, and may need to find meaning in continuing to live while suffering. Part of the nurses challenge is to support the clients hope and forget (Smeltzer, 2009). Neverthe little, the communication amidst clients families may non solve all decisional differences, her mother insist on interventions that health care professionals consider inadvisable. In movement like this, the initial criterion is for all parties to focus on having clear goals of care.Hospice Support to facilitate proper bereavementThe decision of clients family for home care with hospice support focuses on symptoms control and suffering ma nagement. Hospice care is always provided by a aggroup of both health professionals and nonprofessionals to ensure a full range of care services. In the case of m whatsoever patients, palliative care will be the option. This care may be given to meet their physiologicalal need (Matzo, 2005). Ventilatory support for patient can improve her respiratory functioning and relieve symptoms of respiratory distress using mechanical ventilation. While the decisions made by the family wanting their family member to be vent are often reached by consensus with the patient and her family, patient does have an opportunity to designate a family member as a healthcare proxy.Family Teachings and InterventionsThe reaction of any person to another persons impending death depends on all factors regarding loss and the development of the concept of death. In spite of the various(prenominal) variations in persons view virtually the cause of death, spiritual beliefs, availability of support systems, or other factor, responses tend to cluster in the process.To help the family, spiritual support is of great importance in dealing with death. Although not all clients identify with specific religious faith or belief, most have a need for meaning in their lives, curiously as they experience a terminal illness. Establish a communication kinship that shows concern for and commitment to the family and client. There are also communication strategies that allow client and her family knows that you are available to talk about death (Smeltzer, 2009). Caring for clients family members is an important intervention in caring for the terminally ill patient. Family-centered interventions and care is center on the goal, needs and values of the family and patient including their understanding of the treatment options, illness, prognosis and their preferences and expectations for decision making and treatment (Matzo and Sherman, 2004).Specific interventions distinguish for clients family includes providing hope within parameters of individual situations without giving false reassurance. Listening to their expressions regarding their perceptions of the situation is also important to determine how they handle the situation (Zerwekh, 2006). Giving honest answers to their questions and giving correct information will assist the family in dealing with the situation. Encouraging strength, promoting support systems and referring to other resources such as pastoral care, counseling and organized support groups will promote considerablyness and facilitate long term action (Smeltzer, 2009).Communicating effectively at all levels is a common barrier in the implementation of change among health care in various settings (Kleinman, 2004). As a member of the hospital workforce, a nurse must have the capability to communicate effectively in a non-judgmental way and stimulate other colleagues to think critically. They must also arouse enthusiasm and develop quick thinking and imagination. Moreover, they must also shew resourcefulness and professionalism with infinite patience, understanding, confidence and perseverance are also challenges (Bryar et al, 200).Emotional and Physical SupportThe skills most relevant to this situation of the family are attentive listening, silence, overspread and close questioning, clarifying and reflecting feeling. Less helpful to family members are responses that give advice and evaluation, those that interpret and analyze, and those that give unwarranted reassurance. To ensure effective communication, the nurse must make an immaculate assessment of what is appropriate for the client. Communication with the family needs to be relevant to their feeling and situation. Whether the clients are angry or depressed affects how the client hears messages and how the nurse interprets the clients statement (Matzo, 2005).In facilitating nursing interventions, the nurse must explore and respect the familys ethnic, cultural, religious and personal values inn their expressions of feelings. Teach the family what to expect in the process, such as authentic thought and feelings and that labile emotions, feeling of sadness, anger, guilt, loneliness and fear will lessen or stabilize over time. Knowing what to expect may lessen the speciality of some reactions. Encourage her family to express their thoughts and feelings, not to push the family to move on or enforce their own expectations of inappropriate reactions. Encourage the family to resume normal activities subsequently death on schedule that promotes psychological and physical health. Some family member may also try to return to normal activities too quickly. However, a protracted delay in return may indicate dysfunctional grieving (Matzo and Sherman, 2004).Physiological and other specific end-life care SupportNursing management of the client experiencing a loss is important. Physiological need must be addressed first including palliative care such as pain management and life support. Weakness and paresis are common symptoms that may affect muscle groups. With the loss of muscle innervations the muscles athrophy, paralysis and progressive fatigue result. Dysphagia, dysathria, fasciculations, hyperreflexia, immobility, respiratory failure and aspiration will likely occur. Emotional effects such as lability, loss of control and depression are also common. The goal of management in end-of-life care for every client is the prevention or alleviation of these symptoms. Hygiene and psychological support is also important factor to consider (Zerwekh, 2006). To gather a complete database that allows sinless analysis and identification of appropriate nursing diagnoses for dying client and their family, the nurse first needs to recognize the states of awareness manifested by the client and the family members (Smeltzer, 2009). In case of many patients, the state of awareness shared by the dying person and the family affects the nurse ability to communicate fre ely with clients and other health care team members and to assist in the grieving process. The nurse must also need to be knowledgeable about the clients death related rituals such as culture rites, chanting at the bedside and other rituals. The nurse must also recognize the states of awareness manifested by the client and family members. As nurses, we also need to maintain physiologic and psychological comfort and achieving a peaceful and dignified death, which includes maintaining personal control and accepting declining health status (Matzo and Sherman, 2004). The manipulations of health care team in care management of dying patient are very important. This implies the vital responsibilities of nurse to do the best and competent care to achieve the peaceful death of the patient. The primary coil role is to ensure that the patient received the highest possible intervention best suited for her. Nurses must include the family of the patient in the care management, emphasizing nurs es role as essential factor to maintain dignity of dying client (Matzo, 2005).ConclusionsKnowledge and competitiveness is a product of excellent nursing practice. In caring for patient experiencing grief and bereavement, experience and effective learning are essential processes in actual clinical practice of the nursing profession. To be an effective nurse, one should begin with the individual appraisal of ones self competency and enhanced education based on practices and trainings taken previously during undergraduate and graduate studies, workshops, trainings, continuing education, and education for teaching seminars or modules including the conceptual, academic and clinical orientation (Foster, 2007). Competitiveness is largely based on innate potentials and motivations afforded by the familiarity of a learning environment. Accordingly, the primary indebtedness of the nurse to the patient is to give him/her the kind of care the patient condition needs regardless of race, creed, color, nationality or status (Salsberg, 2008). Advocate the rights and serve as facilitator of patients well being (Foster, 2007).In doing so, the patients care shall be based on subjective and objective evidence, needs, the physicians order and the ailment shall involve the patient and the family. It promotes understanding of the differing values held by people in other cultures (Henderson, 2009). For example, it helps client to understand why other people in one culture may regard with approval of their practices of exposing their of age(p) members to the harmful elements, while people in other cultures may abhor such practice. The strength this critical thinking and decision making is its recognition of the relationship between personal values and a choice of action and it equates personal values and wrong action, it also recognize limits of personal experience and perspective and it implies that a persons moral judgments are infallible.I believe the richness or intensity of th e inculcation of knowledge, positive values and skills of a person is not simply based on the innate capacity of one to evaluate, think, reason and interact in a learning situation. It also equally depends on the caliber of the nursing experiences which are either limited by the nurses ability and will to choose or by what is desirable to her which is readily accessible in the environment. Nursing education, concepts and programs for improving the knowledge in health facility should also be provided to maintain theoretical and clinical competence of health setting and facilities. From what I have learned in my own area of practice, the key to successful knowledge development is competent learning and effective communication during the practice to achieve the goal of competency. This will determine the path of being an effective and competent nursing professional.In general, the main role of nurses in palliative care unit is focused on providing effective, quality care. Hence, more advanced and competent means of preparing nurses to supervise and manage their patient is important (Briggs et al., 2004). These challenges must be addressed properly by the implementation of appropriate approach and programs to increase the knowledge and experience. Skill development for nursing educators must constantly be framed within the context of individualized patients. Nursing educators should make themselves aware of every situation happening in the field and make it a motivational means to improve the profession by proper proviso and education (Welk, 2007). Therefore, the need for implementing evidenced-based approach to nursing practice is essential in addressing these issues.As nursing profession enter a new era not knowing what to expect. Yes, patient care is the same everywhere, but they must be comfortable with the environment they are placed in. Adaptation is crucial in the clinical arena (Kleinman (2004). Evidenced-based practice and clinical experience may become a highly useful and effective strategy in clinical practice. The nurse becomes less apprehensive about the clinical environment and becomes more client-focused, therefore increasing the effectiveness of care. This also provides the nurse an opportunity for role modeling as the client and family maintains and develops standards of practice and competent care in a familiar environment (Foster, 2007).

A Historical Sketch Of ELT In India English Language Essay

A Historical Sketch Of ELT In India side of meat phrase EssayIntroductionThis study aims at studying the wording selects of under graduates students, revealing the discrepancies of variant caseicipants with respect to actual slope language skills and orient language skills and then suggest corrections in curriculum, wherever required. The study is conducted at Sant Gadge Baba University Amravati, on students studying in under-graduate courses.This chapter presents information on the background and nominate of the study. Next, research questions be presented. Finally, definitions of some basic equipment casualty apply in this study atomic number 18 presented.Background to the Study spherical EnglishWorld English is broadly categorised into three varieties English as a Native Language (ENL), English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Accordingly, there are three geographical divisions of English speaking nations viz., ENL territories, ESL t erritories and EFL territories (Braj B. Kachru in Koul N. Omkar (eds.) 1992 2 -3, cited in Hasan Kamrul Md,2004).1ENL territories In countries like the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, English is the first or often the only language of communication among the people. In ENL territories people use the mother spitting modification of English.ESL territories- In ESL situations English plays a vital role and is employ to perform a bod of official, use uping upal, and other roles. For ESL speakers, although English is not their aborigine language but it is an important language in their professional and amicable lives. Like India, English is used as a scrap language in almost all the former British colonies (Singapore, Nigeria, S fall outh Africa etc.) Often the persons second language becomes the first functional language in adulthood in such cases. In ESL countries English is generally given importance in the educational material of the nation and taught in s chools and colleges.EFL territories In some countries English neither enjoys the status of native language nor second language. It is treated as foreign language and its use is restricted to occupational and educational purposes. In countries like China and Japan, English is taught and learnt principally for reasons of trade and business and it does not play any role in social interactions.A historical sketch of ELT in IndiaPre-colonial periodVasco da Gamas baring of the sea route to India also paved way for the introduction of English in the sub-continent in 1498.However, it was only in the 18th light speed, when the Mughal Empire was on the go under and the English East India Company had secured a foothold in India that Indias tryst with the English language began. During this period, English was the language of communication of the elite people and was not the lingua franca of the people.Colonial periodWith the consolidation of the activities of the East India Company in eig hteenth century, began the efforts of teaching English in the South Asian subcontinent. As removed back as 1759, Christian missionaries entered India and the 1787 despatch welcomed the efforts of Rev. Swartz to establish schools for the teaching of English. Another significant effort was the publication of the first book, The Tutor, to teach English to the non-Europeans by compose John Miller in 1797. This book was published in Serampore in Bengal. Thus the socio- historical stage for the role of English in education was determine by the end of the 18th century.T.B. Macaulay, in the Minutes of 1835, for the first time, formally introduced the teaching of English in the South Asian subcontinent. In his Minutes he mentioned the importance and usefulness of the education that would be given to the natives through the strong point of English. There were primarily two object lenss of such education. The first was to create through this education a class of natives who, despite their blood and colour, would be English in culture and be able to interpret between the rulers and the subjectsa class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect (quoted in Macaulay 1835, quoted in Thirumalai, 2003)2. The second was to create a demand for the European institutions. Although both the objectives were designed to serve the interest of the Masters, not of the subjects, but it provided the framework of formal English education to India which to a large extent is followed even today..Thus by the middle of the nineteenth century the aims and objectives of teaching English were genuinely clearly laid out For the remaining period of colonial rule there were a few landmarks in the culture of English such asThe establishment of universities in Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai in 1857 and in Dhaka in 1920Selective education and training in administrat ion, im tell aparted through English, the Indian University Act (1904)The Resolution on Educational Policy (1913).For the entire period of British rule four broad developments with regard to English education took place1600 -1800 During the early years the variety of English used was imitative and formal. It was the language of the rulers and the elite class.1850 -1947 During the later years more varieties (from actually high to very low) appeared. Indian intellectuals and freedom fighters effectively used English as tool to for political awakening and resurgence.Interaction with vernacular languages As the use of English penet strided the antithetical sections of the educated Indians, a new variety of English emerged. This variety of English had a very distinct Indian flavour and a number of words of vernacular origin were absorbed in English, e.g., Brahmin. Coolie, jungle, and so on.Methodology Language studies were based on literature and grammar and the means of studies was th e grammar-translation method. The spoken component of the language was not practised. The emphasis was given on justness and complete sentence construction.English also played a critical role in Indias struggle for independence as it became the language of political awakening and resurgence. Even Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), although a strong advocator of use of interior(a) language, used English language effectively to put forth his message to the British giving medication .Post colonial periodPost independence, the perception of English as having an alien power base changed. Kachru notes that English now has subject field and international functions that are both distinct and complementary. English has thus acquired a new power base and a new elitism (Kachru 1986, p. 12 as cited in Baldridge, 2002).3 For most part of the twentieth century, it remained a language used by a select few. English primarily remained the language of law and administration.The Present StateTwentiet h century witnessed great advancements in science and technology and this enabled many new ways of sharing information and doing business. Indias international commercial activities led to the need for acquiring advance in English as an international language. Now, English was not just the language of the administrators and policy makers but also became the language of the business and professional class.In India, the English speaking population is only about 3-4%, but with Indias massive population, India is among the top three countries in the world with the highest number of English speakers. In terms of numbers of English speakers, the Indian subcontinent ranks third in the world, after the USA and UK. roughly English speakers in India are second language speakers, in 1971, it was estimated that the rate of bilingualism in India was 13% and 99% of English speakers are second-language speakers (Mahapatra 1990 7 cited in Hohenthal , 2003).4 Spolsky points out that English is th e most widely spoken second language, followed by Hindi. English is more useful as a lingua franca the usefulness of Hindi as a lingua franca is regionally limited (Spolsky 1978 42 cited in Hohenthal , 2003)5. The diminished segment of the English speaking population controls domains that impart professional prestige (Kachru 1986a 8 cited in Hohenthal , 2003)). It is this small segment of Indian population that heads Indias economic, industrial, professional, political, and social progress. Most interactions in the above spheres of life take place in English.In the linguistically plural settings of India, English often acts as the link -language among people of divergent dialect. For many educated Indians English is virtually the first language. Thus in the present context English is playing a vital role in bringing together people from different regional languages for a closer exchange of social, educational and administrative network of India . It provides a linguistic tool for the administrative cohesiveness of a country (Kachru 1986a 8).English is used in both public and personal domains and its functions extend far beyond those normally associated with an outside language, including the instrumental, the regulative, the interpersonal and the innovative, self-expressive function (Hohenthal citing Kachru 1986a 37, 2003))6. As pointed out before, the role of English is not replacive it overlaps with local languages in certain domains (Kandiah citing Sridhar, 1985Shridhar and Shridhar, 1986 1991 273)7.English language in Indian Education ashesEnglish is taught as a second language at every stage of education in all states of India and has been accepted as the main speciality of instruction in higher education. English is also the state language of two states in eastern India, Meghalaya and Nagaland.In India, English has become an integral part of the curriculum almost at all levels of education. However there are various social, political and cultural fa ctors that affect the position of English in different boards, universities and other institutions. Even the curriculum offered and evaluation tools employed are very diverse across the country. The model of English offered to the learners lacks uniformity and it is this question that continues to challenge the policy makers and education planners. While most States accord English the position of second language, some others treat is as the third language the regional language and the national language getting precedence.as in other linguistically and culturally pluralistic societies, the position of English is determined by various political, cultural and social considerations. Kachru (1986b20 cited in Hohenthal , 2003)8 collide withs primarily three questions which continue to be discussed. The first question concerns the position of English in early and in higher education. The second question is concerned with the roles of the regional language, Hindi and English. The third que stion deals with the model of English presented to Indian learners, and how that presentation can be made uniformly and effectively. The political sympathies of India has primarily been concerned with the first two questions, which are directly related to language planning at both the national and state levels. There are, as yet, no acceptable answers to any of these questions (Kachru 1986b20 cited in Hohenthal , 2003).91.2 Language Teaching Context at Amravati UniversityEstablished on 1st May, 1983, this University geographically covers the western Vidarbha sing (i.e., five districts Amravati, Akola, Yavatmal, Buldhana and Washim) of Maharashtra State. The University, in its small span of two and a half decades, has contributed in many ways for economic, social and cultural upliftment of the society by offering quality education. The Motto of this University is Education for Salvation of SoulThe University is recognised under Section 12(B) of UGC Act.The University is also an associate member of Association of Commonwealth Universities, London (U.K.)The University has 10 faculties which includes Arts, Commerce, Sciences, Medicine, Ayurved, Education, Social Science, Law, Home Science, Engineering Technology.The University has facilities to offer post-graduate advanced education in Computer, Biotechnology, Business Management, Law degree courses in Chemical-Technology.SGB,Amravati University University has been one of the foundation universities undergoingexpansion and developments in the recent years. Although the University does not have an English Department to date, English courses are offered both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels in colleges affiliated to the University.Evaluation tools used in order to assess the students performance are generally written exams stated to cover the course objectives moderately rather than fully. That is because listening and speaking skills are not evaluated although expendd during the classes. The exam i s generally conducted once, at the end of the academic session. The nature of the written examination paper is largely theoretical.Thus, the results of this study will be an aid to the Curriculum Development Unit of English Board of Studiesof Amravati University (SGBAU)in deciding on the needs of the students and improving the already existent program to better pertain the needs of those students.1.3 Purpose of the Study?English has penetrated all functions and all sections of society. It is a universally accepted tool for communication. It is no longer restricted to the English or Americans as a means for communication. Even within India, with its diversity of languages, English has emerged as the accepted language of communication cross culturally. It has even overtaken Hindi, which is officially the national language, as far communication among people of different native languages is concerned. Although, from time to time, various political lobbies have raised the issue of prohi biting the use of English language, however, they have so far been unsuccessful. This is primarily the result of the accommodating quality of English . Moreover, most of the world communicates in English and if India has to be a part of the Global scenario, English language can be a major bridge.Looking at English language courses in sub metroplises, the fact that glaringly stands out is that little has been done to understand the special schooling needs of students here and even lesser attention has been paid to prepare them to function effectively in their workplaces and academic environment. Students hailing from townships and rural areas suffer from geographic as well as cultural disadvantages. Their distance from the metros does not bring the exposure and environment which is naturally a part of the cosmopolitan work culture. Culturally as well, most students belong to families where native language is the means of communication and even in academic institutions the medium of instruction is primarily the local dialect. The prime purpose of this study was to understand the special needs of students who belong to non-metropolitan areas and then attempt to suggest how they can be optimally trained to perform academic and professional functions efficiently.Each of the skills which may be required, reading, writing, listening and speaking may be of different value in terms of their use in a specific field. This study has been able to assess the students only in reading, writing, grammar and vocabulary. Due to a large and scattered sample, the police detective was constrained not to test the listening and speaking skills of the respondents.This study aims at collecting data about the ESP needs of undergraduate students in 2008-2009 donnish Year. By comparing the results of students in each skill and the desired competence level of the items, this study, also aims at examining whether or not there is a need for improvement in those skills.Rodgers (1969 as cit ed in Hutchinson and Waters,1987) in Nese Ekici,2003 expresses that developments in educational psychology has contributed to the rise of ESP by emphasising the central importance of the learners and their attitudes to learning. Learners have different needs and interests, which has an important influence on their motivation to learn and therefore on the effectiveness of their learning. To get an idea about students English language skills and to see whether there was any discrepancy between their actual language skills and desired skills constituted an important dimension of the study. The foci of this study were both the target needs and learning needs for the English curriculum which is implemented during the undergraduate program. This needs assessment study will be useful in improving the already existing curriculum or designing a new needs-based curriculum and choosing more appropriate curricular elements for the undergraduate students at Amravati UniversityNecessity for sylla bus developmentA planned approach to the teaching-learning process can go a long way it making a course effective and relevant. However, as it is seen as something very complicated , many a times the content of the text books available for the course take the place of the syllabus. There are very strong thou to support the need for a systematic syllabus development process, the most important of them areFirst, right from the onset of the course the teacher understands the ultimate objective of the course as a result of the planned process. This gives an opportunity to the teacher to interrelate and integrate all the elements. This in turn ensures better chances for the syllabus clash its learning objectives. Secondly, a planned approach enables better selection of teaching materials and aids. The class delivery is better planned and oriented towards the end result. Finally, this syllabus development process leads to improvement of language education. The teacher plans, structures, selects, organises the teaching content in accordance with the learning objectives. Both the learner and the teacher are well witting of the outcome desired and both work in coordination to achieve the common goal.The syllabus theory has not found wide application in ELT practice yet and has often been ignored by applied linguists. However, the application of this theory could be very beneficial for the whole ELT process improvement. This research is an attempt to bring in the application of syllabus development process for SGBAUs language courses.

Do We Have Souls? :: essays research papers

Do We Have Souls?On the question of Do we have souls and Can they survive after death,this generator will attempt a reasoned explanation and defense of my views to thisphilosophical question. After careful explanation of my own views , thoughts,and careful examination of the selected materials for this paper I have come tothis conclusion unlike the conundrum of free will, the question of human beingshaving souls and their survival after the tangible body is deceased, is not aneasily argued topic. The problem of free will as an example can be morerationally discussed and analyzed through tangible means such as patterned andlearned fashion and its like, scarcely in dealing with the question of souls and inaccepting their instauration, it is an intangible thing which cannot be proved ordisproved at least as long as the physical body is existing. This writerbelieve that a discussion , no matter how seemingly rational or even irrationalis purely dead reckoning and can have no real physical proof of that existence. Ofthe read philosophers on this topic, all are speculatory in their attempt toprove, disprove, or even get through their position of the topic in question. Thiswriter will premiere contribute his own speculation and proceed to explore theselected philosophers material on this subject. Though it first must be saidthat most of the read material is or seems to be question-begging and thereforeleads only to more questions from myself.The question of having souls and their existence after the physical body isdeceased has always been on mens minds. From the first beginnings of writtenhistory from the Ancient Near Eastern civilizations Egyptians, Mesopotamian ,men people have always regarded the time to come and the question of souls. Itwas not given much philosophical thought until the ancient Greek sophists, inthe decline of their city-states that this topic was explored, but not onlyexplored but started to gather acceptance among the people. Again, only whenphysical life was becoming less cherished due to the decline and unhappinesswith their earthly surroundings. Though the Hebrew people communicate and thought ofan afterlife for their spirit, it was really not until widespread Christianitycame about, and again this was at the time of decline of the Roman Empire. Myinitial point being that the idea of souls and their existence seemed to growstronger at times of great depression or strife much like when people pray toGod when they only need something. It was then that trustingness and hope for a better

Sickle Cell Disease Essay -- Diseases Health Medical Medicine Essays

Sickle Cell affection Sickle Cell Disease is an ailment that affects populate all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited rubor derivation cell disorders.(1) These disorders sewer have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it is much more widespread in some people. One out of 600 African Americans and angiotensin converting enzyme out of 1,000 to 1, 400 Hispanic Americans are affected. (2). However, there are other populations who are especially affected, as well. These include, but are not limited to Arabs, Greeks, Italians, and people from India.(1) As it is plain to see, the disease can affect many different types of people. Now that we know whom this illness should concern, we must discuss what exac tly the disease is. The contagious defect that causes sickle cell anemia affects hemoglobin. (3). Hemoglobin is a constituent of red blood cells. Its job is to take oxygen to all the cells and tissues in the body. loss blood cells that contain normal hemoglobin are soft and round. Their soft texture enables them to squeeze through the bodys small blood vessels.(3) People with SCD, however, have a type of irregular hemoglobin. A genetic error makes the hemoglobin molecules stick together in a long, rigid rods after they release oxygen. These rods cause the red blood cells to become hard and sickle-shaped, unable to squeeze through tiny blood vessels. The misshapen cells can get stuck in the small blood vessels, do a blockage that deprives the bodys cells and tissues of b... ...ealthy and fulfilling lives. Treatments such the ones mentioned make this a possibility. Also, people affected by the disease can help themselves by living a rock-loving life which includes eating a proper diet, getting adequate exercise, and reducing stress. As people who are not afflicted by the disease we can do something to help. We can donate blood and bone marrow in hopes of being a match to a suffering patient. This disease does not just now affect the African American community, as is popular known, it affects us all. Internet Sources1)Sickle Cell Anemiahttp//www.pediatrics.emory.edu/SICKLE/sicklept.htm2) Sickle Cell Anemia http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000527.htm3)New bank for People with Sickle Cell Anemia , http//www.fda.gov/fdac/features/496_sick.html4)Sickle Cell Anemia, http//www.mamashealth.com/Sickle_Cell.asp