Islamic Attributes Of Destination On Tourists Motivation Tourism Essay

Islamic Attributes Of Destination On Tourists Motivation touristry moveINTRODUCTIONTourism tooshie be delimit for travelling purposes for recreational, vacation or trade purposes. There argon number of definitions for the derail phaetons, thats tourists can defined as people who tour to and stay in places outside their usual location for to a greater extent than twenty- four-spot (24) hours and non more than one alternate family for leisure, business and former(a) purposes non related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. This is press outd according to The World Tourism Organization.Tourism has amaze a popular global leisure activity. There were over 922 one million million million out-of-door traveler arrivals, with an escalation of 1.9% in the year 2008 as comp bed to 2007. International tourism emolument grew to US$944 cardinal (euro 642 billion) in 2008, parallel to an increase in real terms of 1.8% 1. International travel dema nd suffered a strong slowd possess extraction in June 2008, with growth in international tourism arrivals worldwide falling to 2% during the boreal summer month during to as a result of the late-2000s recession. out-of-pocket to outbreak of outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus, tDuringdSDShis negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries. This gave a very big impact in a worldwide decline of 4% in 2009 to 880 million international tourists arrivals, and an estimated 6% decline in international tourism receipts 2.Tourism is vital for some(prenominal) countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain, Malaysia and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and operates and the prospect for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise sh ips and taxicabs, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theatres.Tourism Industry is always exaggerated by religion especially Islam religion for its special rules and law. National and international levels in this outlandish atomic number 18 discussed with the presentment of Islam in official tourism marketing. On meeting the postulate, the government is shown to place a high superiority of visitors bit certain states take hold preference to the dictates of Islamic religion, and international strategies seek to endorse intra-Islamic travel. thereof, the outcomes argon offered into the management of Islam and tourism which whitethorn soak up a wider applicability beyond the special chance of this country.The population for Islam religion may consist of 30% of the world population in the world by 20253. In some of the Islamic countries, especial ly major Muslim countries, tourism is a major market, nevertheless less than 10% of global tourism re writhes goes to this market. Morocco, Egypt, Turkey and Malaysia are major four Muslim countries in world. In tourism, these countries attract 17.5 million guests in 20044. The world tourism organization nominated ten Muslim countries such as Algeria, Iran, Malaysia, Turkey, Oman, Syria, UAE, Bahrain, Lebanon and Egypt among 38 countries as the worlds top emerging tourism name and address 5. This is for the year 2006, December. This shows the impending of Islam country that could be one of the close essential places in tourism market among other Muslim countries but it isnt. In detail for example, Iran has a great prehistoric tradition but it is as yet little cutn in the West and there is much to be learnt both(prenominal) from it and the building techniques which are integral with it. Rituals, festivals, ceremonial up to nowts and sacred buildings are fundamental tourist att ractions for devout followers of the particular systems of beliefs as well as for those with a casual interest. Several authors recount how Islam religion in times gone by enjoined particular types of travel that have retained an important social and ghostlike function, albeit constantly adapting to the ever-changing world.The pilgrimages incorporate an obligation to migrate. Hence the pilgrimage is one of Islams five pillars flanking belief in God and the prophet Muhamad, prayers, fasting and the giving of gentle trust. 6 to boot lists ziyarat (visits to divergent shrines), these visits a form of voluntary pilgrimage which exemplifies the spatially idiosyncratic traditions of Islamic populations 7. Muslims should travel in ordering to fully appreciate the salmon pink of Gods world and also visit their friends and relatives. This is what mentioned in the According to the holy text of the Koran. They have a responsibility to provide warmth to visitors who, under Islamic law, en rapture the citizens rights.Today, over a million Muslims travels annually to Saudi Arabia for the hajj 8 fill a massive organizational endeavor by the authorities 9. Its scale is show in accounts of Islamic ghostly circulation 10 but 11 argues that the large numbers who participate in religiously inspired travel to centers besides Mecca should not be neglected. umteen Muslims also appear to share the common enthusiasm for leisure travel as outbound tourism rise with growing affluence. In tourism involvement, sexuality differences ob facilitated elsewhere 12 are very striking in some ultraorthodox and patriarchal Islamic farmings which impose severe restrictions on women. Male pre-eminence is a distinction of many Muslim countries where women are denied in public place. 13 Claims that in the Middle East womens inferior status is legitimized by mis description of the religious texts, this gives an impact on barriers to involvement in tourism as well as other spheres of actions . Simultaneity, a large number of women believe that a proper textual interpretation actually protects their rights 14, veiling also seen as an assertion of not a symbol of female oppression and cultural identity.Despite these gender-based inequalities of opportunity, Islam is not fundamentally contradictory to tourism, yet international tourism is adversely exaggerated by poor relations between occidental and Islamic nations. Islam has been associated with oppression, terrorism conservatism and anti-Western sentiment 15 temporary hookup the West is criticized as an imperialist aggressor pursuing economic, semipolitical and social domination 16 whose people are infidels of lax examples. Attitudes of hosts and tourists are likely to be saturnine by such conceptions, and cultures in which religion plays a completely different mapping may clash at name and addresss. The arrival of non-Muslim inbound tourists is maybe violated by tourists knowingly or accidentally and more disr upting for local Muslim communities than the situation reversed due to the religious codes which inform and however, the satisfaction of the special demand of Muslim travelers overseas may be a source of anxiety to themselves and those with whom they interact 17.There is evidence of a response by some in the Western tourism industry to overcome these issues with information provided more or less location of mosques and halal foods. This may encourage a Muslim tourist to travel more practically to mentioned countries. Several hotel bedrooms also have pointed towards Mecca for the purposes of prayer, but still there is some question mark whether these measures are enough. More ever with combined political ideology, possible social problems have led several Middle Eastern countries to shun style international style tourism, deemed to be incompatible with Islam 18. For example, Brunei is a schema and act as a reluctant tourist polish whose wealth has undermined any economic incenti ve to helped to protect citizens from its worst excesses and encourage international tourism 19. However, about what constitutes compatibility or accredited Islamic conduct, there is no consensus and this is reflected in the debate about the practice and meaning of Islam.The habits and sayings of the Prophet set down by his family and companions are agreed to be normative, according to the Koran and Hadith. Yet for most Muslims, new findings to the study of the Shariah, the Islamic law means that questions of interpretation, application and authenticity have become contentious issues 20. Some Islamic countries may therefore find tourists more acceptable than others, partly depending on the degree of liberalism as well as losses and personal gains. For example, Iran is generally considered comparatively moderate and positive popular reactions have been recorded there 21. However, survey respondents also raise concerns about moral decadence and 22, with a need for further research in to Muslim views of tourisms cultural impacts on their societies.Theoretical backgroundResearch indicates that tourist motivation and satisfaction are often determined, in part, by the desire for a learning experience. For examples, the eco tourists have a desire for environmental learning and that ecotourism operators who differentiate their product through the training of high-quality environmental education programs establish a potential sustainable competitive advantage. However, it is asserted that this potential long-term competitive advantage will only be realized if sufficient tourists can be attracted to the offered ecotourism experience. So this might be useful when it comes to encouraging the Muslim tourists to Muslim countries and fully satisfy their need, hence makes them often visit to the same country as destination committedness. Using the results happened, it is argued that the relatively small focus on Muslim tourists demand for Islam attributes learning in adv ertizement directed at potential clients is a substantial weakness in some countries strategic tourism.Tourism motivation in developing countries and Islamic culture has received scant attention from researchers. The key to understanding tourism motivation is to see holiday travel as a satisfier of needs and wants. The Literature on tourism often conceptualizes tourists motivation and satisfaction in terms of crusade and go outs agentive roles. The idea shadower this concept is that people travel because they are pushed by their own internal forces and wedgeed by external forces of the destination attributes. In this study, internal forces will be motivation, satisfaction and destination undeterminedion. Hence pull factor will be Islam attributes. One way to realize travel motivation is to examine the notion of push and pull demand inspiration. The objectives of this research were to understand both push and pull motivation for domestic tourism and the relationship between th e two motivations for Islam tourists. The finding indicated three push factors (motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty) and one pull factors (The Islam attributes). The pull factor might be seen as one, but all the attributes are covered as safety, religions, cultural value, utilitarian, and knowledge, social. This study found that the most important push and pull factors as perceived by Islam tourists are motivation value and religious. The study also confirms the relationship between push and pull factors.Perceptions and motivations are fundamental in tourist finishs and are crucial in the formation of the destination image. Despite the growing number of publications in this area, case studies are still scarce. This study investigates tourist perceptions and motivations in the destinations. A questionnaire was used to interview a random sample of tourists. Factor analysis and multivariate statistics were employed to find different exogenous variables at work for both pe rceptions and motivations, which varied according to the participants country of origin. Eight factors were found that help in understanding the perceived image and motivations tourists of different nationalities have about the destination. The Islam culture and loyalty also predominate as the leading motivation for tourists. The implications of these findings for explaining tourists behavior indicate future lines of research.The variables involved in tourists behaviours are motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty. While motivation is only one of many variables in explaining tourist behaviour, it is nonethelessa very critical one, as it constitutes the driving force behind all behaviour 23. Motivation sets the stage for forming peoples goals 24 in travelling and is reflected in both travel choice and behaviour as such it solves peoples expectations, which in turn determine the perception of experiences. Motivation is therefore a factor in satisfaction formation 25.Accordin g to some researches, basic motivation theory suggests a dynamic progression of internal psychological factors (needs, wants and goals), causing an uncomfortable level of tension within respective(prenominal)s minds and bodies, resulting in actions aimed at releasing that tension and satisfying these needs 23. Intention, implying such an action, requires the sensory faculty of needs, as well as objectives. To assure these conscious, steps required in order to create wants and move people to travel 26 .Objectives or goals are presented in the form of services, it is therefore the role of marketing to create awareness of needs and suggest appropriate objectives, promising the satisfaction of these travellers 27. Consequently this can make a tremendous change in a tourist perception on travelling to Muslim countries, which consists of Islam Attributes cognize to the world a most beautiful religion of all.In the Western World free time and holidays are connected to the concept of se lf-actualisation or self-realisation. This was suggested 28 several authors. The latter defined by 29 as a persons dynamic relationship between the real and the ideal self, constituting a surgery of decreasing the distance between these two cognitive systems, themselves theme to continuous change. It is the individuals aim to achieve a state of stability, or homeostasis 26, which is disrupted when the person becomes aware of the gap between real and ideal self, or as 26 calls it a need scarcity. The resulting need to self-actualise fabricates the actor, which under the constraints of the situation sets the stage for the process of motivation 25.But to what extent does tourism satisfy the intrinsic need for self-actualisation? 30 tot up 15 years of research into psychological needs, satisfied by leisure activities, and proposed leisure activities clusters such as novelty, sensual enjoyment, cognitive stimulation, self-expression, creativity, vicarious competition, relaxation, ag ency, belongingness and service. It is questioned however whether these dilettanteish needs are intrinsically motivated 26, suggesting that these motivations are merely culturally learned stereotypes or explanations for leisure behaviour to Muslim tourists as well. As 23 states, a widely accepted integrated theory for needs and goals behind motivation is lacking. This is what the researcher has studied in this case.Research into motivation can be idealistic into two categories, the behaviourist and the cognivist approach 25. The discussion has therefore traditionally revolved around both push or pulls factors influencing tourist behaviour 31. Push factors represent enduring dispositions, as they are internally generated drives. The individual, energised by such drives, will then search objects for the promise of drive reduction and develop a motive 25. For examples, with a good push factors, it may drive a tourist to the destination, therefore it makes them loyal to the destinati on. The behaviourist view thus emphasises the emotional parameter of decision-making, while the cognivist approach focuses on situational parameters in which motives are expressed, consequently encompassing a certain knowledge which the tourist holds about goal attributes as well as a rational weighing up of situational constraints 25. This cognitive process results in motivations, which are more object specific than motives, as these only imply a class of objects and may result in a range of different behaviours, depending on the situation.This one-dimensional approach has been criticised however 32, as push and pull factors influence the consumer consecutively 33, integrated by the concept of involvement, an unobservable state of motivation, arousal, or interest 26, which is evoked by stimulus or situations. This is the case, since pull factors such as marketing stimuli as well as the destinations and services attributes respond to and reinforce push factors. Consequently research increasingly seeks to assimilate emotions and cognition in the individuals decision-making process 34, 35, 36, 25, signifying a more holistic approach.As a result it became evident that peoples intrinsic needs are influenced by external factors. In post new-made conjunction 37 asserts that in post-modern society the superstructure of advertising, television, fashion, lifestyle magazines and designer values increasingly take the role of forming knowledge and beliefs. Peoples needs are neutral 38, as motives however, they require an object towards which the need is directed, and when linked to actual situations, cultural and social impacts are also applied 25. In this study, the motivation and satisfaction oblige tourists to certain destination. establish on learned behaviour and perception on situations raise motives to the level of values, as such they are evaluations 39. If a drive is reduced satisfactorily the individual is likely to remember the behaviour and employ the same b ehaviour again, thus acquiring habits 40. Therefore tourism experiences may become learned adroitness and obtain the role of habit enforcers. Cognivists argue that knowledge and beliefs in future rewards, anticipatory in nature 41, are equally a product of formerly encountered situations 42 and external formation.Motives purely represent learned behaviour, which are influenced by offered objects or tourism activities, and for the motivations, it represents knowledge and beliefs formed by society and culture or tourism peoples. Therefore the psychogenic need for self-actualisation, abstract in nature, is operational in a learned and practical manner and expressed in values, which are learned strategies to either adapt ones environment to ones needs or adapt ones self to a given environment 43. These values equally include effects of enculturation and socializing 23. Additionally the professed gap between real and ideal self, may signify both externally and internally controlled eva luations 25.Some authors therefore asks what researchers can expect to know about individuals drives, by asking them about their motivations and needs as these may not be available to individuals as part of their awareness. 44 Mentioned that people do not walk around with numerous leisure needs in their minds and do not rationalise specific causes of participation if their contribution is intrinsically motivated (cited in 26). Consequently it may be understood that needs are suggested by immediate social peers, and the wider context of particular social realities as well as the influence of the tourism 45. Yet as mentioned by 46 stress, intrinsic leisure motivation, which is a global disposition and describes an affinity to seek intrinsic rewards, is characterised by self-determination, an awareness of internal needs and a strong desire to make free choices on destination based on these needs by the tourists.The current society exercises a great deal of influence on the formation of the ideal self and thus perceived needs. Which is for all individuals, self-actualisation may be accepted as a need intrinsic for them. However the notion of authentic or true self, determined by way of experience, offers a solution to the predicament. Individualism symbolises four psychological qualities. One if it is an intelligence of individual identity, based on the knowledge of which one is and what ones goals and values are, as such it is related to the philosophical concept of true self. Which indicates what an individual reckons personally significant and what it is to be actualised? This is according to 47. The other is Maslows self-actualisation, which is the driving to be ones true self. The third is list is quality which is 48 internal locus of control, which reflects a compliance to accept personal conscientiousness for ones life. And the last and fourth is principled (post conventional), moral reasoning 49, which involves regularity with general conceptual principles (cited in 50).Subsequently, only ifa tourist becomes more autonomous and therefore aware of intrinsic needs and motives are they able to self-actualise. Order is becoming less essential in Western society and a desire for disorder in the tourism experience is becoming more important as 51 explained. Some authors voice out that opportunities for unplanned action and freedom from institutionalised regulations are distinctive of Western tourists. This explains that certain tourists exhibit a assured desire to liberate their identities. According to 52, in order for tourists to cease being just users of holidays, they must come to know themselves, their motives and other cultures. So it is understandable that self-actualisation is an intrinsic need, characteristic of any tourist, but must be understood in terms of true self as opposed to ideal self. Such is this independent of societal pressures and involves the transcendence of habitual behaviours and mind states. This offer require s further elaboration and must be viewed in the context of modernity, which hinders this process but at the same time brought about its awareness. Therefore, the Islamic attributes of destination in which catering to the religious needs of Muslim tourists may play an important role between the travel motivations (push and pull) and overall tourist satisfaction, which may impact on destination loyalty. Religious attributes of destinations should be recognized more in the context of the existing competitive tourism context 53.Background of the studyThere are different aspects can be looked in a tourism industry. But the major issue is the culture and religion of a certain country. As known in most of the research, tourism Industry is always affected by religion especially Islam religion for its special rules and regulation. Thus it reflects Islam as the biggest and widest religion in the world .This study is more on the Islamic religion and international tourism, using the example of Iran as a case study to show the opportunities and problems which recrudesce when this two item come into contact. Some survey observations are made about the conflicts, difficulties of the relationship, between tourist demands such as motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty and not to miss out the religious practices. For example, the authorities in Iran, where Islam is central to everyday life, have responded in a different method to solve this problem. early(a) than the main aspect of relation between Islam attributes with a tourists motivation, satisfaction and destination loyalty, the presentation of Islam in official tourism marketing, national and international levels in this country are discussed as a minor part. The government is publicized to place a high superiority on meeting the desires of tourists while certain states give superiority to the dictates of Islamic religion, and international strategies seek to promote intra-Islamic travel. Thus, results are off ered into the management of Islam and tourism which may have a wider applicability beyond the special circumstances of this country.A number of authors conduct studies on how Islam religion historically enjoined particular types of journey that have retained an important social and religious function, although constantly adapting to the changing world. Five pillars in the pilgrimage is belief in God and the prophet Muhammad, prayers, fasting and the giving of charity, and at the same time pilgrimages also incorporates an compulsion to migration issue. 6 Additionally lists ziyarat (visits to different shrines), these visits a form of voluntary pilgrimage which exemplifies the spatially distinctive traditions of Islamic populations 7. Simultaneity, a large number of women believe that a proper textual interpretation actually protects their rights 7, veiling also seen as an assertion of not a symbol of female oppression and cultural identity.There are different aspects to be studied in Islam tourism industry such as food, accommodation and mostly Islam culture places. As in food aspect, halal tourism is new merchandise in the tourism industry which provides holiday destinations for Muslim families who abide by Sharia rules. When it comes to halal concept, the hotels in such Islam destinations do not serve alcohol and have split swimming pools and spa facilities for men and women. Countries like Malaysia, Turkey and many more Islam countries are trying to create a center of attention for Muslim tourists from all over the world offering facilities in agreement with the religious beliefs of Muslim tourists. Not only halal term studied in food aspect, but foods served in flight service also follow the guidelines of halal. This is verified when halal tourism industry also provides flights where no alcohol or porc products are served, prayer timings are announced, and religious programs are broadcast as part of entertainment offered on board. This is studied and even there is report mentions a market for a halal startup airline, which could supply halal food, prayer calls, Quran in seat pockets and provide take apart sections for male and female travelers according to the basic commandment of Islam religion.Hotel plays a vital role in tourism industry as it accommodates the tourists. In harmony with the teachings of Islamic Sharia, many international hotels do serve halal food. Halal food is slaughtered in and is free of any substances forbidden by Islam such as pork and alcohol. Some hotels have employed people of Arab or people who could understand the Islam to provide translation services and other help that may be needed by tourists from Muslim countries. For a example, Crescent Tours is a UK-based travel company, pioneering Halal Beach Sun Holidays on the Mediterranean and Islamic Heritage Tours in Turkey. different examples are, in all Malaysian hotels, the management even provides the direction of kiblat for praying purposes.Regional i nstability has had a detrimental effect on tourism growth in certain instances, one example being terrorist attacks by Muslim groups in Egypt 8. This is just mild example. Even though it is not a main issue, other commentators have clarified the consequences of this and the implication of Islam more generally in tourism research with a wider frame of reference 54.One of the solutions might be when state decisions could inhibit Western-style tourism, while national authorities extend a wholehearted welcome to tourists irrespective of their origin and religion. It is not a matter whether the tourists from western or Muslim countries. Those at work in the tourism industry within Islam countries and its principal markets need to be aware of the changing conditions and have an appreciation of religious sensitivities, helping to educate tourists about appropriate behavior. This is can be done with a research on scope for consultation with religious features, regarding the formulation of c odes of presentation and conduct of sites such as shrines and mosques as tourist attractions. The difficulties of establishing a consensus cannot be neglected however, the struggle to enforce Shariah law is another source of unease, although PAS has tell that only Muslims would be subject to its rules and regulations. Further studies are necessary to fully estimate the effects and outcomes of media reporting as well as attitudes amongst official decision residents and makers.Problem statementEven there is ample of issues on tourism and the activities related, yet religious issues have always influenced majorly the touristic activities. In Islamic countries where most of the communities are Muslims, some religious commandments have overwhelmed the quantity and quality of tourism. Considering the statement of communities plays a vital role, reciprocity between religion and the tourism industry this studies deal with the role of religion (Islam) in tourism industry in the Islamic coun tries. In this aspect, this study are keen in researching the interconnection relationship between Islam and tourism, manners of Muslims as hosts and guests, and finally the international collaboration in Islamic tourism industry.Facts show that Muslims constitute a global market of approximately two billion potential customers. Assuming that religion plays an important part in their decision making process with regard to travel destinations 55, Islamic religious attributes are bound to be very important considerations when a Muslim decides to travel abroad 56. The Muslim tourists may decide not to travel to a particular destination due to the absence of these attributes 56. In addition, the absence of Islamic attributes in the destination may be a source of worry to themselves and those with whom they interact 17. Besides the push and pull motivations that can be a means of influencing tourist behavior, it is important to understand the Islamic attributes that may lead to tourist s atisfaction and destination loyalty for Muslims. This study attempts to address this problem by empirically testing the relationship between Islamic attributes of destination, travel motivations, overall tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty.The moment of the studyIslamic destinations should put an effort in meeting the necessities of international Muslim tourists. By implementing this method, any risk upsetting Muslim tenets obviously is not so debatable when tourists are fellow Muslims from within or outside national precincts. Although Muslim identities are not the same 57, conflicts over dress, food, conduct and religious and social observances are less likely. While intra- Islamic travel has been narrowed to date, apart from pilgrimages to Saudi Arabia, there is still growing interest in this province. It is the subject of Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), an official organization of 56 Islamic nations dedicated to the well-being of Muslims worldwide these total almost 1.4 billion or 20% of the worlds inhabitants, forecasted to rise to over 30% by 2025 58 . Since the Muslim population is a significant market, the exploitation of which is a partial solution to the predicament of accommodation to tourists from a more alien figures and culture reveals that how important domestic activity can be in contributing highest profit in tourism industry.Non- Muslim visitors are acceptable and there is recognition of the value of working with the international tourism agencies such as World Tourism Organization and others, but much of the emphasis is on tourism as a vehicle for reinforcing the solidarity of the Islamic societies. Within the Islamic world, the greater travel by Muslims could lead to better understanding, stimulate serve and collaboration the common good. At a most international recent meeting, a delegate advised creating more Islamic tour packages dedicated to a Muslim heritage which has been largely ignored 59. The Islamic Development Bank, mention that the purpose to it, is to inspire social progress and economical growth amongst its 53 Muslim member countries. Yet it can be adopted in other Muslims elsewhere in accordance with the Shariah, also emphasized support for tourism. Meanwhile the expertness of both the OIC and Islamic Development Bank have been questioned 60, their acknowledge